Papers on Social Work

Papers on Social Work



Peter Cleave






Second Edition










ISBN

978-1-877229-21-3

Papers on Social Work
Second Edition

Campus Press
26 Sycamore Crescent
Palmerston North

Thanks to Micah and the team
at Warehouse Stationery
Palmerston North

Bound by New Life Bookbindings
28 Avenue Rd
Greenmeadows
Napier







Contents


Introduction
Page 5

1.Ethics and Social Work Education

2.An ethic of empathy

3.Broadcast identity and social work

4.Social Work and Iwi Social Services: an historical approach

5.Wahi rangahau: Places of inquiry

6.Is Talkback Radio Social Work?

7. Fields of light, fields of pain: small group work in social work education in Aotearoa/ New Zealand




Introduction
These papers venture into several areas of social work but there may be some features that set the collection aside.

The first is an emphasis throughout on social work education. This interest is set out in in the first chapter where there is a comparison between local and European traditions. Work by Carola Khulmann and Peter Cleave appears early in the collection and is then taken further in subsequent papers.

One emphasis or theme which keeps coming up is to do with a ethic. This is touched in the comparison of social work in Germany and Aotearoa/New Zealand, looked at in the article, An ethic of empathy, and touched on again in the article on iwi social services.

Another theme is to do with indigenous ways of research. The paper on rangahau is the most discursive in the collection and the intention here is to take the arguments as far as they might go without necessarily coming to fixed conclusions.

Yet another pertains to the dynamics of small group work in social work learning and teaching. This work is perhaps the most widely published while some of the other papers are offered to a broader readership for the first time.

The consideration of broadcasting and social work is, I think, different from the other papers in many respects and, along with the paper on iwi social services, a little tentative in its conclusions These are both new areas of work for me and it shows. In later editions the intention is to refine and develop the arguments involved,


Peter Cleave










1 Ethics and social work education
What is it that we have in common in social work and in social work education? Before we consider ethics in social work and social work education we need perhaps to think about what it is that we do how we do it and why. After that we might be able to codify common ethical values that help to prevent professional abuse.

Above the policies and practices of local organisations there are national codes of ethics in different countries and, since 1994, a Code of Ethics of the International Federation of Social Workers. The ethics and values of these Codes are mostly influenced by the western European countries (Banks, 1995). Four main principles are found;
1 respect for the individual person/case
2 self-determination of the client/user
3 promotion of social justice
4 working for the interests of the client/user

The present paper builds on an earlier paper (Cleave and Khulmann 2000). As pointed out there most ethical codes sometimes forget to say that in practice there is inevitably a tension between the business of supporting the interests of clients and social justice on the one hand and their duties to control and save money on the other (Payne 1995). In addition to this the 'Codes' place more emphasis on the individual's rights to respect and support than on the duties of the societies towards those who have been 'crushed and downtrodden' (Salomon 1923) during their fight for economic survival. Those are- all over the world- mostly women and children, often from minority or oppressed groups.

Most ethical codes concentrate more on the professional-user relation and less on the society-social problems relationship. In the beginning of the profession there was a broader approach to social work ethics mainly in the works of Alice Salomon as she began he task of looking at the tradition of help in the Judeo- Christian world.

We might also learn from the ethic of mutual aid found in other cultures such as the Maori tradition. This might be elicited in a study of aroha and other terms. Aroha indicates support, care, affection and identification with the user of the social work service. There has been a great deal of influence from the Judeo-Christian traditions on Maori and other Polynesian cultures simply through historical exposure and in some ways this makes comparisons and contrasts difficult.

Sometimes an ethic as a matter of reflection. It is found in the way people think about society, the way they inquire. The Polynesia tradition involves shared talk. This may seem to the outsider as a lot of shared talk by as many people as possible, by a committee of the whole for any given situation to sort out or sort through an issue.

This process of talk also involves the following of ritual guidelines in the form of the protocols of the marae, te kawa o te marae in the Maori case. This in turn involves distinctions between locals and visitors, tangata whenua and manuhiri and other matters in a culturally specific form of inquiry or rangahau. This is discussed further in a later paper in this collection.

There is, in this ethic, also the affirmation of an ethnic position. Maoritanga or the Fa'a Samoa which some see as 'a whole way of life' and others see as 'a whole way of struggle' (Webster 1998). This may be like Weber's 'Protestant ethic' or what came to be known as a 'work ethic'. Ways of life, ways of struggle are involved.

To return to the Judeo-Christian tradition there is also the matter of mutual aid traditions including those of ethics surviving industrialisation, urbanisation and the vanishing of extended families. Traditional structures of social support broke down and the state neglected to build up new ones.

Into this vacuum stepped people like Heinrich Wichern who founded the 'inner mission' in 1848. He demanded a special welfare organisation in order to adapt Christian welfare to an industrialised society. At he same time diakonia, the forms of social support in the first Christian communities, were emphasised (Cleave and Khulmann, 2000:163).

Christian and Jewish traditions of welfare were involved ni the establishment of social work in Germany (Cleave and Khulmann 2000: 162-6).For Alice Salomon (1872-1948), the founder of IASSW in 1928 social justice was the main obligation of social work. As suggested by Cleave and Khulmann ibid the destructive power of the developing capitalistic market, the colonisation of traditional structures of care and support forced those who were engaged in social work to reinvent or call up again an ethic other than an ethic of the market or the 'free' workingman and consumer.

It may be the case that social work in Aotearoa has seized on the ethic of a minority group, the Maori, in much the same way as that suggested in Europe. The language of the minority offers tools for challenging the prevalent ethic.

To return to the four points raised earlier;
1 respect for the individual person/case
2 self-determination of the client/user
3 promotion of social justice
4 working for the interests of the client/user

In the case of Aotearoa to Point One might be added respect for the whanau or extended family of the individual concerned. A reference to he Treaty of Waitangi would be a significant addition to Point Two. Similarly social justice, the third matter, might also involve the Treaty or initiatives like Puaoteatatu. The last point, working for the individual might also involve the whanau and the Treaty as well as the hapu and the iwi.

Where the iwi or the hapu and in some cases the whanau are social work providers there are matters that may apply to all of the four points.

In any given country there will be local characteristics. In Aotearoa one feature must be the primacy of the Maori child.Elsewhere gender rights might be stressed more. While all of the four points are important in all cases there are differences in application.

It is important to appreciate the functions of a social work ethic. Not only is there the guidelines for the correct and just ways of doing things. There is also the possibility that the ethic is a kind of underground railroad where the values and aspirations of minority and repressed groups might be carried along in times of threat or repression. It may be the case that sometimes the ethic is subverted and used in the interests of the power structure. It is important for the student of social work to work through these possibilities to arrive at their own understanding of the ethics involved.Campus Press Update

Review of: Works published in 2008 by Peter Cleave
Reviewer: Professor Paul Moon
Date: March 2008

In the past ten years, Peter Cleave, in conjunction with Campus Press, has been at the forefront of research into a range of topics relating to Maori in the modern world. This, in itself, may not be remarkable, but what makes Cleave’s works stand out are three things: the breadth of disciplines he draws on for his analyses; the range of subjects he explores; and his persistence in ensuring that the material he publishes is relevant to a wide spectrum of readers. At a time when much academic research is dominated either by drilling into obtuse areas, or by studying topics for which funding is provided, the latest collection of Cleave’s works to be issued by Campus Press provide a fresh and engaging perspective on issues affecting Maori.
This corpus of works covers topics as diverse as social work, Maori media, language, culture in the workplace, as well as Cleave’s groundbreaking work – now in a revised edition – ‘Rangahau pae iti kahurangi: Research in a small world of light and shade’. This wide-angle approach allows the reader to build up an impression of some of the thinking that either applies or ought to apply to current developments in these fields.

Some new titles from Campus Press (Est 1992) each priced at NZ 37.50 plus postage COD;
From the Depot Takirua, Second Edition
by Peter Cleave
Iwi Station: a discussion of print, radio and television in Aotearoa/New Zealand
by Peter Cleave
Papers on Language, Second Edition
Culture in the workplace: a book of exercises
by Peter Cleave
What do we know about the mark on the wall. A study of literacy
by Peter Cleave
Rangahau pae iti kahurangi: research in a small world of light and shade, Second Edition – most popular Campus Press book so far in 2008
by Peter Cleave
And from our back pages:
Papers to Conference- most popular Campus Press book in 2007
by Peter Cleave
Papers on Social Work - includes work on broadcasting
by Peter Cleave 
Papers of Contest, Second Edition
by Peter Cleave
 
And for a discussion on line of literacy in nineteenth century New Zealand by Peter Cleave go to;
http://puffcom.blogspot.com/2008/01/said-heard-written-read.html
Find extended discussions of this in Iwi Station
And see the discussion of Brian Sibley's book on Peter Jackson in From the Depot Takirua, Second Edition

Forthcoming in puff books in April
Isis, the days of the voles
by
Benjamin Drum

Please order by email to puffmedia@yahoo.co.nz or Campus Press, 26, Sycamore Crescent, Palmerston North, New Zealand or telephone 0064 6 3537773


Title descriptions
Papers to Conference

Third Edition

A collection of mostly old but some new work

by Peter Cleave
ISBN

978-1-877229-17-6

The present collection starts with a paper on literacy in Aotearoa/New Zealand in the nineteenth century.This is the most recent paper. The collection finishes with a paper on literacy and there are one or two references to this subject throughout without literacy being a major theme.

In fact,the demand for his collection was largely to do with older work and this constitutes the rest of the collection. Some papers are so out of date as to be quaint. Others like the paper on Samoan and Maori may be old but they might have a current application.

One debate that may not be quaint or out of date may be the one discussed in the review of Francis Pound and Wystan Curnow from the early nineties about icons and symbols. We might well ask what happened to this discussion. We might well also ask what the conditions for a talk like this are in 2008.

The essay on the Pa Maori which is really just a review of Best's book may leave questions unanswered in the wider literature.

In the paper entitled Native Voice and in some of the journal work in Aotearoa, especially that found in Illusions in the nineties there is a discussion of new things happening in the arts in Aotearoa.

The discussion of o and a, the so-called case system in Maori is here through demand. It is also a discussion of commentators which is unusual in this area.

By contrast to the the work on literacy and the Pa Maori the social work papers won prizes and were published in international collections. In this sense the collection is a mix of the known and the obscure.

More on
http://puffcom.blogspot.com/2008/04/papers-to-conference.html




Iwi Station. A discussion of print, radio and television
in Aotearoa/New Zealand

by Peter Cleave
ISBN
978-1-877229-27-5
This book is about communication and power from a tribal point of view in Aotearoa/New Zealand and the world at large. The tribe concerned is the iwi as distinct from the hapu, the sub-tribe or the whanau, the extended family.

The iwi is considered in several historical periods. In each there is a consideration of the communications environment of the iwi be that oral, to do with reading or writing or literacy or to do with electronic media including radio, television and the internet.

There are also two, at least, intense periods of change, the 1850s when Maori was displaced by English as the language of the majority and the period from the early 1990s until the present day characterised by the development of iwi radio and Maori television and the advent of the internet.

The discussion of the internet is really a series of questions. Does the internet allow increased specialisation as well as a greater internationalisation? Are Maori better able to identify common ground and communicate over more space and time than ever before? Is it now possible to find new ground? Does the internet offer freedom from the shackles of a small nation state?

All chapters are about the way that tribes manage communication in the context of a mainstream. Choosing the ground for communication is itself important in this context and there are recurrent issues of control and power.
For more go to
http://puffcom.blogspot.com/2008/04/iwi-station.html


From the Depot-Takirua



Second Edition


by
Peter Cleave

ISBN

978-1-877229-29-9

There was something of a moment in the late eighties and early nineties in Wellington theatre and over the years From the Depot Takirua has been there as an attempt to grapple with what happened.

This Second Edition of the book begins with an older essay containing reviews of work done at the Depot Takirua. Some of the original essays have been retained and new work on Peter Jackson and Maori Television has been included.

The moment at the Depot Takirua, if such it was, quickly became overtaken by other things. Matters were complicated and, it must be said, enriched by film. The workshopping of the warrior proceeded to the film Once were Warriors and elsewhere. Peter Jackson happened from the early nineties and there was a shift of attention and resources to film. A connection between the work of Peter Jackson and the kind of work work done at the Depot-Takirua is found in the writing of Harry and Stephen Sinclair.

With the advent of Maori Television it is possible to see people who were involved in theatre in the early nineties moving to film and then to television.

But there was a period in the early nineties at the Depot Theatre when things came together. The question now, nearly twenty years later, is how they might line up again in a comparable blaze of creativity or whatever. It might involve the same people. Stephen Sinclair features in the Depot-Takirua story as a writer just as he does in the Peter Jackson story.

The papers on Suzie Cato and on Maori Television are offered on the grounds that television, especially Maori Television, may be the place where things come together in a creative step like that which was made at the Depot Takirua all those years ago. The paper on the grotesque which features the piano is offered as a route taken, as it were, out of the kind of thing happening at the Depot Takirua in the early nineties but so far at least not taken further. Something similar seems to have happened with the warrior project, if that it might be called. These sit in the corners of our minds now like dead ends or cul de sacs. Will we come back to them and will new media like Maori Television be used to do so?

For more go to
http://puffcom.blogspot.com/2008/04/from-depot-takirua-second-edition.html


Culture in the work place. A book of group exercises

by Peter Cleave

ISBN
978-1-877229-25-1

How do you work out how to work with other people?

This book is designed to help you do this. The first thing is to consider of culture in your workplace. Then to find better ways of working.

These are the things that matter no matter how removed they might seem from the job at hand. Religion, dress, diet, eye contact and body language. All of these things and more contribute to positive or negative work situations.

This book is not meant to be prescriptive or to tell people what to do in their own workspaces and with their own culture.

The exercises below are offered that they might allow readers to work out their own situations. The idea has been to keep it simple and to allow discussion to happen in a easy fashion.

For more
http://puffcom.blogspot.com/2008/04/culture-in-workplace.html




Papers of Contest
Third Edition

by Peter Cleave

ISBN

978-1-877229-28-2

The theme of this collection of papers is contest. There is a challenge in each paper.

The first paper looks at literacy in the nineteenth century in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

In the next paper conventional research is challenged with an idea of indigenous modes of inquiry.

The following paper looks at confrontational theatre and film in the 1990s.

The discussion of Francis Pound and Wystan Curnow considers images, symbols and the art of a place, a country, I suppose.

The review of Martin Blythe's book involves several of the themes so far considered as well as others and tries to describe an exciting analysis.

The consideration of the native, the outlaw and the frontier widens the perspective of the collection.

The rest of the papers in the collection take the idea of contest into different areas.

The discussion of Suzie Cato takes the discussion into mainstream media in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

By contrast the next article looks at work with perhaps more limited but nonetheless highly critical audiences and the construction of or the playing with a notion of the Pakeha-Maori.

The final paper is a consideration of the grotesque. This raises a number of questions that are left hanging and that, perhaps, is what happens in a collection with the theme of contest.
For more http://puffcom.blogspot.com/2008/04/papers-of-contest.html







What do we know about the mark on the wall?
Images, rules and prior knowledge

by
Peter Cleave

ISBN

978-1-877229-26-8

There is a sense in which the work here is dated referring as it does to work done in TESOL in the early nineties. That literature could be updated. There is a question though as to which direction to take from here and there is also the fact that whatever the argument is attached to it will eventually date. The advantage, I think, of the work referred to is that it is of a very high calibre.

Other applications for the argument might well be found. Work on memory from the early childhood area is one possibility but there are others such as developments in educational theory and practice over the last half century.

It may be though that no one major kind of example emerges. The book as it is or in any revision may just use examples from here and there. The theme may be a matter of constant return, going back again and again to questions of cognition and literacy.
For more http://puffcom.blogspot.com/2008/04/what-do-we-know-about-mark-on-wall.html







Papers on Social Work
Second Edition
by
Peter Cleave
ISBN

978-1-877229-21-3

These papers venture into several areas of social work but there may be some features that set the collection aside.

The first is an emphasis throughout on social work education. This interest is set out in in the first chapter where there is a comparison between local and European traditions. Work by Carola Khulmann and Peter Cleave appears early in the collection and is then taken further in subsequent papers.

One emphasis or theme which keeps coming up is to do with a ethic. This is touched in the comparison of social work in Germany and Aotearoa/New Zealand, looked at in the article, An ethic of empathy, and touched on again in the article on iwi social services.

Another theme is to do with indigenous ways of research. The paper on rangahau is the most discursive in the collection and the intention here is to take the arguments as far as they might go without necessarily coming to fixed conclusions.

Yet another pertains to the dynamics of small group work in social work learning and teaching. This work is perhaps the most widely published while some of the other papers are offered to a broader readership for the first time.

The consideration of broadcasting and social work is different from the other papers in many respects and, along with the paper on iwi social services, a little tentative in its conclusions These are both new areas of work for me and it shows. In later editions the intention is to refine and develop the arguments involved.






Papers on Language

by
Peter Cleave

ISBN

978-1-877229-19-0

This collection of papers takes work from a variety of sources. The intention is to draw a fairly long bow.

There is some work on literacy which is nor about any language in particular. There is work on Maori grammar. And a paper on strategies for language retention. And there is recent work on literacy and oral communication in Aotearoa.

The transmission of an ethic through language and song is considered in another paper.

The Note on the two or three verb classes in Maori applies to the o an a categories and to the use of i and ki. They are short but hopefully important links which make sense, I think, of a range of questions that might come up.

There are also papers about voice and tone. There is even a paper about a song. These are offered in the hope that language might be considered in the broadest possible terms.










Rangahau pae iti kahurangi
Research in a small world of light and shade




Second Edition

Peter Cleave

ISBN
978-1-877229-23-7

Contents

1 Wahi Rangahau; Places of Inquiry 5
2 And on to the question... 11
3 Image and text 17
4 The critical scholars 34
5 Back to the house 41
6 Drama 47
7 What is being pursued? 51
8 Back to the image 56
9 Background to rangahau 63
10 Back to the whare again 75
11 Rangahau, ethics and social work education 78
12 Light, shade, action 88
Concluding remarks 102
Bibliography 106
Glossary 117