Rangahau pae iti kahurangi, Second Edition

Rangahau pae iti kahurangi
Research in a small world of light and shade




Second Edition




Peter Cleave












ISBN
978-1-877229-23-7





Campus Press
26 Sycamore Crescent
Palmerston North



Thanks to Micah and the team
at Warehouse Stationery
Palmerston North




Bound by New Life Bookbindings
28 Avenue Rd
Greenmeadows
Napier


Contents

1 Wahi Rangahau; Places of Inquiry 5
2 And on to the question... 11
3 Image and text 17
4 The critical scholars 34
5 Back to the house 41
6 Drama 47
7 What is being pursued? 51
8 Back to the image 56
9 Background to rangahau 63
10 Back to the whare again 75
11 Rangahau, ethics and social work education 78
12 Light, shade, action 88
Concluding remarks 102
Bibliography 106
Glossary 117












1 Wahi Rangahau; Places of Inquiry

As preparation for a hui goes on the people at the back, tangata ki muri, the cooks and cleaners, the ringa wera or people with hot hands get on with their jobs while the people at the front, nga tangata ki mua, prepare for the karanga and the speeches. The visitors, manuhiri, assemble and wait at the gate.

Ka tika ki muri
ka tika ki mua
If things are well at the back
they are well at the front

At the gate the visitors engage in te whakamau kawakawa, the gathering and display of greenery. They are asking about who has died and to whom tributes should be paid in the speeches. They are taking roles as though within a family in a process of whakawhanau or as one theorist of rangahau has put it, whakawhanaungatanga (cf Bishop 1996). People are relating to one another.

People are, in fact, taking the first steps in what might be called indigenous problem solving (cf Shook 1985) as they come to terms with the immediate issues involved in the kawa o te marae, the protocols of the marae; who will speak on behalf of the group, who will karanga? Why will a given arrangement of callers and speakers be followed? This inquiry extends into what is learned, the content, the matauranga tuku iho, and how it is learned, the process of rangahau.

The steps in the research process echo the pae maunga, small worlds of light and shade in the mountain ranges, the ranges of discovery that each person is beginning to explore. The visitors proceed to walk on to the marae itself in front of the meeting house. If the wharenui has been prepared the door and the window will be open to welcome the guests. The visitors engage in takahi marae. They walk on the ground of the marae. The women go in front at first and stand crying, coming to terms with their grief as they mourn for those who have passed away in an act of tangihanga or apakura.

Mate ana he tetekura
ara ana he tetekura.
One leader dies and another comes up.

Then the men come in front as people take up their seats on the paepae. This is the place where inquiry or rangahau will be most forceful, sometimes blunt and often elegant, where the talk is taken very seriously;

He tao rakau e taea
he tao kii e kore e taea
A wooden shaft may be parried,
a shaft of the tongue may not.

The ritual of encounter is a process of mutual assessment, an inquiry of one another. The two groups, tangata whenua and manuhiri continually assess each other throughout the hui. There is also a constant review of states like tapu and noa. This may well be best expressed in the wero at the beginning of the proceedings where good warriors need to be good at running where offense easily turns to defense.

There is also a strong idea of the flow of discussion and inquiry. From the maihi through the raparapa or fingers there is a flow of speech from the tekoteko via the amo and raparapa to the paepae and then in a clockwise fashion along the paepae of the manuhiri and around to the other raparapa and amo and maihi back to the tekoteko. So tangata whenua speakers are not to stand in front of the raparapa when they speak lest they block the flow of speech.

Perhaps because it happens in sight of the wharenui, the process of whaikorero is sometimes likened to building a house, he mahi hanga wharekorero. The first speaker on the paepae lays down the kaupapa or floor, the basis, while the last puts the roof on metaphorically speaking. There are various procedural steps involved. The most important of these is whether the kawa of the area is tauutuutu or paeke. The first is one for one with the locals opening and closing while the second is group by group with the locals, the tangata whenua first and the manuhiri following.

The themes of the stories are basically understood by speaker and audience be they stories about culture heroes like Maui or Tawhaki or stories to make the point that historically one group is senior, tuakana to another. There are also the protocols of context as with a set orders or orderings of points as with the way whakapapa or genealogy is told, the descent of canoes, local ways of thinking about the sacred and the profane, tapu and noa, kauae runga and kauae raro, shared keys or points ‘down’ or ‘on’ or ‘along’ a scale grounded in tikanga, in local culture.

The process of whaikorero from the first apprehension or nervousness of the speakers to the conclusion of the speeches involves a settling of the group spirit, he whakatau mauri. Following this there is the hongi, sharing the breath of life with other mauri. While the essence of another person may be shared it may not be revealed;

He tihi pukepuke e taea
he tihi tangata e kore e taea.
The summit of a hill may be climbed,
the summit of a person may not,

or,

He kokonga whare e kitea,
he kokona ngakau, e kore e kitea
The corners of a house may be seen,
but not the corners of a heart.



And then it is on to the wharekai for something to eat;

Ko te kai a te rangatira
Ko te korero
Speech is the food of chiefs.

Kai is a tapu removing force, a matter of whakanoa. The food in the wharekai takes away the tapu of the speeches on the marae, te whakanoa korero. The kai follows powhiri and makes the situation safe.

Following kai the manuhiri come in to the meeting house where rangahau, inquiry into the topic of the day begins. Following karakia there is the setting out of topics, te whakatakoto korero and, if necessary discussion and agreement on the protocols of the hui, he whakatakoto kawa.

It is said that inside the wharenui is the culture of peace and outside, on the marae, is the culture of conflict. These are two different modes of rangahau. Inside is the mode of mihimihi, outside of whaikorero.

Once inside it is firstly, a matter of introduction. Talk circles around the whare conducted by its parts. The parts of the house themselves structure and lend aspect to the inquiry. The poutokomanawa or central support pole, for example, is a corridor of power to sources of power between the kauae runga and the kauae raro. The continuous kowhaiwhai on the tahuhu shows continuous whakapapa which is also shown in the heke and the tukutuku panels and in the raukura feathers adorning the heads of tupuna on the carved poupou.

Like the food store house, the pataka with its store of economic support the wharenui is a store of intellectual and emotional support. The wharenui is an information system with agreed constructs for processing information. These constructs may be metaphorical as with the imagery in the whakairo of the house or to do with appropriate sequences as with the kawa of the wharenui or spatial as with seating and sleeping arrangements. These combine in sequences of referents as when a speaker starts to refer to the imagery of the house usually starting with the tangata whenua corner and usually working clockwise around the house.

In these ways an activity based learning is put together in a social learning context, process and content and within a clearly defined cognitive frame which is the house itself. While in one sense there is no place to hide for individuals there is a maximisation of group transference of knowledge. The precise use of space may echo protocols in confined spaces such as on a canoe, waka or in the traditional whare which was much smaller than the modern day wharenui. The effect today is to allow a very clear understanding of group relationships and process.

This first chapter has been about where things happen. In the first instance this is in the wharenui. But other areas are involved such as radio, television, the internet and print and these are considered in later chapters. The people in the wharenui, the tangata whenua and the manuhiri have been introduced above. A sequence of activity has also been introduced along with a brief foray into the kind of knowledge involved, the way it is transmitted and the way it is understood. In the chapters that follow each of these matters are pursued. Campus Press Update

Review of: Works published in 2008 by Peter Cleave
Reviewer: Professor Paul Moon
Date: March 2008

In the past ten years, Peter Cleave, in conjunction with Campus Press, has been at the forefront of research into a range of topics relating to Maori in the modern world. This, in itself, may not be remarkable, but what makes Cleave’s works stand out are three things: the breadth of disciplines he draws on for his analyses; the range of subjects he explores; and his persistence in ensuring that the material he publishes is relevant to a wide spectrum of readers. At a time when much academic research is dominated either by drilling into obtuse areas, or by studying topics for which funding is provided, the latest collection of Cleave’s works to be issued by Campus Press provide a fresh and engaging perspective on issues affecting Maori.
This corpus of works covers topics as diverse as social work, Maori media, language, culture in the workplace, as well as Cleave’s groundbreaking work – now in a revised edition – ‘Rangahau pae iti kahurangi: Research in a small world of light and shade’. This wide-angle approach allows the reader to build up an impression of some of the thinking that either applies or ought to apply to current developments in these fields.

Some new titles from Campus Press (Est 1992) each priced at NZ 37.50 plus postage COD;
From the Depot Takirua, Second Edition
by Peter Cleave
Iwi Station: a discussion of print, radio and television in Aotearoa/New Zealand
by Peter Cleave
Papers on Language, Second Edition
Culture in the workplace: a book of exercises
by Peter Cleave
What do we know about the mark on the wall. A study of literacy
by Peter Cleave
Rangahau pae iti kahurangi: research in a small world of light and shade, Second Edition – most popular Campus Press book so far in 2008
by Peter Cleave
And from our back pages:
Papers to Conference- most popular Campus Press book in 2007
by Peter Cleave
Papers on Social Work - includes work on broadcasting
by Peter Cleave 
Papers of Contest, Second Edition
by Peter Cleave
 
And for a discussion on line of literacy in nineteenth century New Zealand by Peter Cleave go to;
http://puffcom.blogspot.com/2008/01/said-heard-written-read.html
Find extended discussions of this in Iwi Station
And see the discussion of Brian Sibley's book on Peter Jackson in From the Depot Takirua, Second Edition

Forthcoming in puff books in April
Isis, the days of the voles
by
Benjamin Drum

Please order by email to puffmedia@yahoo.co.nz or Campus Press, 26, Sycamore Crescent, Palmerston North, New Zealand or telephone 0064 6 3537773


Title descriptions
Papers to Conference

Third Edition

A collection of mostly old but some new work

by Peter Cleave
ISBN

978-1-877229-17-6

The present collection starts with a paper on literacy in Aotearoa/New Zealand in the nineteenth century.This is the most recent paper. The collection finishes with a paper on literacy and there are one or two references to this subject throughout without literacy being a major theme.

In fact,the demand for his collection was largely to do with older work and this constitutes the rest of the collection. Some papers are so out of date as to be quaint. Others like the paper on Samoan and Maori may be old but they might have a current application.

One debate that may not be quaint or out of date may be the one discussed in the review of Francis Pound and Wystan Curnow from the early nineties about icons and symbols. We might well ask what happened to this discussion. We might well also ask what the conditions for a talk like this are in 2008.

The essay on the Pa Maori which is really just a review of Best's book may leave questions unanswered in the wider literature.

In the paper entitled Native Voice and in some of the journal work in Aotearoa, especially that found in Illusions in the nineties there is a discussion of new things happening in the arts in Aotearoa.

The discussion of o and a, the so-called case system in Maori is here through demand. It is also a discussion of commentators which is unusual in this area.

By contrast to the the work on literacy and the Pa Maori the social work papers won prizes and were published in international collections. In this sense the collection is a mix of the known and the obscure.

More on
http://puffcom.blogspot.com/2008/04/papers-to-conference.html




Iwi Station. A discussion of print, radio and television
in Aotearoa/New Zealand

by Peter Cleave
ISBN
978-1-877229-27-5
This book is about communication and power from a tribal point of view in Aotearoa/New Zealand and the world at large. The tribe concerned is the iwi as distinct from the hapu, the sub-tribe or the whanau, the extended family.

The iwi is considered in several historical periods. In each there is a consideration of the communications environment of the iwi be that oral, to do with reading or writing or literacy or to do with electronic media including radio, television and the internet.

There are also two, at least, intense periods of change, the 1850s when Maori was displaced by English as the language of the majority and the period from the early 1990s until the present day characterised by the development of iwi radio and Maori television and the advent of the internet.

The discussion of the internet is really a series of questions. Does the internet allow increased specialisation as well as a greater internationalisation? Are Maori better able to identify common ground and communicate over more space and time than ever before? Is it now possible to find new ground? Does the internet offer freedom from the shackles of a small nation state?

All chapters are about the way that tribes manage communication in the context of a mainstream. Choosing the ground for communication is itself important in this context and there are recurrent issues of control and power.
For more go to
http://puffcom.blogspot.com/2008/04/iwi-station.html


From the Depot-Takirua



Second Edition


by
Peter Cleave

ISBN

978-1-877229-29-9

There was something of a moment in the late eighties and early nineties in Wellington theatre and over the years From the Depot Takirua has been there as an attempt to grapple with what happened.

This Second Edition of the book begins with an older essay containing reviews of work done at the Depot Takirua. Some of the original essays have been retained and new work on Peter Jackson and Maori Television has been included.

The moment at the Depot Takirua, if such it was, quickly became overtaken by other things. Matters were complicated and, it must be said, enriched by film. The workshopping of the warrior proceeded to the film Once were Warriors and elsewhere. Peter Jackson happened from the early nineties and there was a shift of attention and resources to film. A connection between the work of Peter Jackson and the kind of work work done at the Depot-Takirua is found in the writing of Harry and Stephen Sinclair.

With the advent of Maori Television it is possible to see people who were involved in theatre in the early nineties moving to film and then to television.

But there was a period in the early nineties at the Depot Theatre when things came together. The question now, nearly twenty years later, is how they might line up again in a comparable blaze of creativity or whatever. It might involve the same people. Stephen Sinclair features in the Depot-Takirua story as a writer just as he does in the Peter Jackson story.

The papers on Suzie Cato and on Maori Television are offered on the grounds that television, especially Maori Television, may be the place where things come together in a creative step like that which was made at the Depot Takirua all those years ago. The paper on the grotesque which features the piano is offered as a route taken, as it were, out of the kind of thing happening at the Depot Takirua in the early nineties but so far at least not taken further. Something similar seems to have happened with the warrior project, if that it might be called. These sit in the corners of our minds now like dead ends or cul de sacs. Will we come back to them and will new media like Maori Television be used to do so?

For more go to
http://puffcom.blogspot.com/2008/04/from-depot-takirua-second-edition.html


Culture in the work place. A book of group exercises

by Peter Cleave

ISBN
978-1-877229-25-1

How do you work out how to work with other people?

This book is designed to help you do this. The first thing is to consider of culture in your workplace. Then to find better ways of working.

These are the things that matter no matter how removed they might seem from the job at hand. Religion, dress, diet, eye contact and body language. All of these things and more contribute to positive or negative work situations.

This book is not meant to be prescriptive or to tell people what to do in their own workspaces and with their own culture.

The exercises below are offered that they might allow readers to work out their own situations. The idea has been to keep it simple and to allow discussion to happen in a easy fashion.

For more
http://puffcom.blogspot.com/2008/04/culture-in-workplace.html




Papers of Contest
Third Edition

by Peter Cleave

ISBN

978-1-877229-28-2

The theme of this collection of papers is contest. There is a challenge in each paper.

The first paper looks at literacy in the nineteenth century in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

In the next paper conventional research is challenged with an idea of indigenous modes of inquiry.

The following paper looks at confrontational theatre and film in the 1990s.

The discussion of Francis Pound and Wystan Curnow considers images, symbols and the art of a place, a country, I suppose.

The review of Martin Blythe's book involves several of the themes so far considered as well as others and tries to describe an exciting analysis.

The consideration of the native, the outlaw and the frontier widens the perspective of the collection.

The rest of the papers in the collection take the idea of contest into different areas.

The discussion of Suzie Cato takes the discussion into mainstream media in Aotearoa/New Zealand.

By contrast the next article looks at work with perhaps more limited but nonetheless highly critical audiences and the construction of or the playing with a notion of the Pakeha-Maori.

The final paper is a consideration of the grotesque. This raises a number of questions that are left hanging and that, perhaps, is what happens in a collection with the theme of contest.
For more http://puffcom.blogspot.com/2008/04/papers-of-contest.html







What do we know about the mark on the wall?
Images, rules and prior knowledge

by
Peter Cleave

ISBN

978-1-877229-26-8

There is a sense in which the work here is dated referring as it does to work done in TESOL in the early nineties. That literature could be updated. There is a question though as to which direction to take from here and there is also the fact that whatever the argument is attached to it will eventually date. The advantage, I think, of the work referred to is that it is of a very high calibre.

Other applications for the argument might well be found. Work on memory from the early childhood area is one possibility but there are others such as developments in educational theory and practice over the last half century.

It may be though that no one major kind of example emerges. The book as it is or in any revision may just use examples from here and there. The theme may be a matter of constant return, going back again and again to questions of cognition and literacy.
For more http://puffcom.blogspot.com/2008/04/what-do-we-know-about-mark-on-wall.html







Papers on Social Work
Second Edition
by
Peter Cleave
ISBN

978-1-877229-21-3

These papers venture into several areas of social work but there may be some features that set the collection aside.

The first is an emphasis throughout on social work education. This interest is set out in in the first chapter where there is a comparison between local and European traditions. Work by Carola Khulmann and Peter Cleave appears early in the collection and is then taken further in subsequent papers.

One emphasis or theme which keeps coming up is to do with a ethic. This is touched in the comparison of social work in Germany and Aotearoa/New Zealand, looked at in the article, An ethic of empathy, and touched on again in the article on iwi social services.

Another theme is to do with indigenous ways of research. The paper on rangahau is the most discursive in the collection and the intention here is to take the arguments as far as they might go without necessarily coming to fixed conclusions.

Yet another pertains to the dynamics of small group work in social work learning and teaching. This work is perhaps the most widely published while some of the other papers are offered to a broader readership for the first time.

The consideration of broadcasting and social work is different from the other papers in many respects and, along with the paper on iwi social services, a little tentative in its conclusions These are both new areas of work for me and it shows. In later editions the intention is to refine and develop the arguments involved.






Papers on Language

by
Peter Cleave

ISBN

978-1-877229-19-0

This collection of papers takes work from a variety of sources. The intention is to draw a fairly long bow.

There is some work on literacy which is nor about any language in particular. There is work on Maori grammar. And a paper on strategies for language retention. And there is recent work on literacy and oral communication in Aotearoa.

The transmission of an ethic through language and song is considered in another paper.

The Note on the two or three verb classes in Maori applies to the o an a categories and to the use of i and ki. They are short but hopefully important links which make sense, I think, of a range of questions that might come up.

There are also papers about voice and tone. There is even a paper about a song. These are offered in the hope that language might be considered in the broadest possible terms.










Rangahau pae iti kahurangi
Research in a small world of light and shade




Second Edition

Peter Cleave

ISBN
978-1-877229-23-7

Contents

1 Wahi Rangahau; Places of Inquiry 5
2 And on to the question... 11
3 Image and text 17
4 The critical scholars 34
5 Back to the house 41
6 Drama 47
7 What is being pursued? 51
8 Back to the image 56
9 Background to rangahau 63
10 Back to the whare again 75
11 Rangahau, ethics and social work education 78
12 Light, shade, action 88
Concluding remarks 102
Bibliography 106
Glossary 117